Native American languages
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Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Passamaquoddy tribe for school or home-schooling reports. We encourage
students and teachers to visit our main
and Passamaquoddy website for in-depth information
about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with
Passamaquoddy pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
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Passamaquoddy Tribe
How do you pronounce "Passamaquoddy?" What does it mean?
Passamaquoddy is pronounced Pass-uh-muh-KWAH-dee. It comes from the tribe's native name, Peskotomuhkati, which refers to a traditional way of catching pollock (a kind of fish)
by using a spear. Fishing is still important to Passamaquoddy culture today.
Where do the Passamaquoddy Indians live?
The
Passamaquoddy nation was part of the Wabanaki Confederacy that controlled northern
New England and the Canadian Maritimes. The Passamaquoddy are original natives of the area
between Maine and New Brunswick. They lived on both sides of the border, because they were there before
Canada and the United States became countries. Today, most Passamaquoddy people live on the US side of the
border, in Maine. There is one Passamaquoddy band that lives in Canada.
How is the Passamaquoddy tribe organized?
There are two Passamaquoddy tribes in the United States. They live on two different reservations in Maine.
A reservations is land that belongs to an Indian tribe and is legally under their control.
Each Passamaquoddy tribe has its own government, laws, police, and other services, just like a small country.
In Canada, there is no officially recognized Passamaquoddy First Nation in Canada. That means the Passamaquoddies
in Canada don't have reserve land and don't have their own government.
The leader of a tribe is called sakom in the Passamaquoddy language, which is translated "governor" in
Maine and "chief" in Canada. In the past the sakom was chosen by tribal councilmembers, but today he or she is elected
by all the people. The Passamaquoddy tribe also has a representative in the Maine legislature, but he cannot vote.
What language do Passamaquoddy Indians speak?
Passamaquoddy people all speak English today. Some older Passamaquoddys still speak their native
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language.
It has this long name because two tribes, the Maliseet and the
Passamaquoddy, speak the same language with different accents--just like American and Canadian English.
Today Passamaquoddy is an endangered language because most children aren't learning it anymore.
But some young Passamaquoddy people are working to keep the language alive.
The Passamaquoddy language is
song-like and has complicated verbs with many parts. You can listen to the Maine dialect being spoken
here
and read a Passamaquoddy picture glossary here.
If you'd like to learn a few easy Passamaquoddy words, tan kahk is a friendly greeting and
woliwon means "thank you."
What was Passamaquoddy culture like in the past? What is it like now?
Here's a good website
with information about Passamaquoddy history and traditions. And here are the homepages of the two Passamaquoddy
tribes of Maine, Indian Township and
Pleasant Point, where you can learn about the
Passamaquoddy people today.
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How do Passamaquoddy Indian children live, and what did they do in the
past?
They do the same things any children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the
house. Many Passamaquoddy children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian kids
had more chores and less time to play, just like early colonial children. But they did have dolls and toys to
play with. Here is a picture of an old
Passamaquoddy toy. Passamaquoddy boys
also enjoyed playing a ball-kicking game.
Like many Native Americans, Passamaquoddy mothers traditionally carried their babies in
cradle-boards
on their backs--a custom which many American parents have
adopted.
What were Passamaquoddy homes like?
The Passamaquoddy didn't live in tepees. They lived in small round buildings called wigwams.
Here are some pictures of Native American houses like
the ones Passamaquoddy Indians used.
Today, Native Americans only build a wigwam for fun or to connect with their heritage. Most
Passamaquoddies live in modern houses and apartment buildings, just like you.
What was Passamaquoddy clothing like? Did they wear feather headdresses and face paint?
The
Passamaquoddy women wore long skirts or dresses with removable sleeves. Passamaquoddy men wore
breechcloths and leggings. In colonial times, the Passamaquoddy tribe adapted
European costume such as blouses and jackets, decorating them with fancy beadwork. Here are some photographs of
traditional Maliseet/Passamaquoddy clothing, and more
information about traditional Indian clothing in general.
The Passamaquoddies didn't wear war bonnet headdresses
like the Sioux. Sometimes they wore a
headband with feathers in it. The Passamaquoddies also had pointed caps like
the Mi'kmaq, and
moccasins for their feet. They didn't usually paint their faces.
Most Passamaquoddy men and women wore their hair long.
Today, some Passamaquoddy people still wear moccasins, but they wear
modern clothes like jeans instead of breechcloths... and they only wear feathers in their hair on special
occasions like a dance.
What did Passamaquoddy Indians use for transportation in the days before cars?
Did they paddle canoes?
Yes--the Passamaquoddy tribe was well-known for their birchbark canoes.
Here's a website with pictures of birchbark canoes.
Canoeing is still popular in the Passamaquoddy tribe, though not many people handcraft their own canoe from
birch bark anymore.
Over land, Passamaquoddy people used dogs as pack animals.
(There were no horses in North America until colonists brought them over from Europe.)
The Passamaquoddy used sleds and snowshoes to help them travel in the
winter. They learned to make those tools from northern neighbors like the
Crees.
Today, of course, Passamaquoddy people also use cars... and non-native people also use canoes.
What was Passamaquoddy food like in the days before supermarkets?
The Passamaquoddy people moved around a lot as they collected food for their families. Usually the
Passamaquoddy tribe would travel to the coast in summertime to fish, hunt porpoise, and plant corn, and then back inland during the
winter to hunt game. Fish is still important to their diet today.
The Passamaquoddy also gathered berries and wild plants to eat, and made maple syrup from tree sap.
Here is a website with more information
about Native Indian food.
What kinds of weapons did the Passamaquoddy Indians use?
Passamaquoddy hunters and warriors used bows and arrows, spears, and wooden clubs. Passamaquoddy fishermen used harpoons and pronged spears to catch
fish and porpoises.
Here is a website with pictures and information about Native American hunting weapons.
What are Passamaquoddy arts and crafts like?
Passamaquoddy artists are known for their
basketweaving
and beadwork.
Like other eastern American Indians, Passamaquoddies also crafted wampum out of white and purple shell beads. Wampum beads were
traded as a kind of currency, but they were more culturally important as an art material. The
designs and pictures on wampum belts often told a story or represented a
person's family.
What other Native Americans did the Passamaquoddy tribe interact with?
The Passamaquoddy traded regularly with all the other New England Indians, and they often fought with the powerful
Iroquois. But their most important neighbors
were the Penobscots,
Abenakis,
Maliseets, and
Micmacs. These five tribes formed an alliance called the Wabanaki
Confederacy. Before this alliance, the Passamaquoddy were not always friends with these other tribes--in fact, they sometimes fought wars
against each other. But once they joined the Confederacy, the Wabanaki tribes never fought each other again, and are still allies today.
What kinds of stories do the Passamaquoddy Indians tell?
There are lots of traditional Passamaquoddy legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is very important to the
Passamaquoddy Indian culture. Here is one legend about
Glooscap (Gluskabe),
the culture hero of the Wabanaki tribes, and another about a
brave Passamaquoddy girl.
What problems does the Passamaquoddy tribe face today?
In 1794, the United States signed a treaty with the Passamaquoddy tribe promising them the right to fish in their homeland forever.
But since then, the American government has imposed restrictions on the Passamaquoddy tribe's fishing and hunting rights.
One controversy is over the Passamaquoddy tribe's tradition of
porpoise hunting. Hunting porpoises for food is against the law in the US, because porpoises are endangered.
But the Passamaquoddy tribe complains that commercial tuna fishermen kill more than a thousand porpoises every year,
while Passamaquoddy hunters only want to kill four or five to feed their families traditionally. In their
opinion, it isn't the Passamaquoddy tribe's fault the porpoise is endangered--it is the tuna fishermen who need to change. This argument has not been
solved yet. Here's a page of links
about porpoises and porpoise hunting from the Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point.
What about Passamaquoddy religion?
Religions are too complicated and culturally sensitive to describe appropriately
in only a few simple sentences, and we strongly want to avoid misleading anybody. You can visit this site to learn more about
Passamaquoddy spirituality or this site about
Indian religions in general.
Can you recommend a good book for me to read?
An Upriver Passamaquoddy is an
excellent choice-- it's the autobiography of Passamaquoddy storyteller Allen Sockabasin, and you can learn a lot about
Passamaquoddy history and traditions from this well-written book. Younger kids will enjoy
Thanks To The Animals,
a charming picture book by Sockabasin. For more detailed cultural and historical information,
Twelve Thousand Years is a
good reference book about Maine Indians.
If you enjoy folklore, there's a good book of Wabanaki legends called
Giants of the Dawnland.
The stories are told by a Penobscot Indian, but they are common
to all the Wabanakis including the Passamaquoddy tribe.
You can also browse through our reading list of Native American literature.
How do I cite your website in my bibliography?
You will need to ask your teacher for the format he or she wants you to use. The authors' names are Laura Redish and
Orrin Lewis and the title of our site is Native Languages of the Americas. We are a nonprofit educational organization
working to preserve and protect Native American languages and culture. You can learn more about our organization
here. Our website was first created in 1998 and last updated in
2015.
Thanks for your interest in the Passamaquoddy Indian people and their language!
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Learn More About The Passamaquoddy Tribe
Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe
An overview of the Passamaquoddy people, their language and history.
Passamaquoddy Language Resources
Passamaquoddy language samples, articles, and indexed links.
Passamaquoddy Culture and History Directory
Related links about the Passamaquoddys past and present.
Maliseet Words
Passamaquoddy Indian vocabulary lists.
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